Mafirimu matete anoramba achikwezva kutarisa kwevanoongorora.Ichi chinyorwa chinopa zvazvino uye zvakadzama tsvagiridzo pakushandisa kwavo, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuisa, uye mashandisiro emangwana.
"Firimu" ishoko rine hukama kune maviri-dimensional (2D) zvinhu zvakatetepa kupfuura substrate yayo, ingave inoitirwa kuvhara substrate kana kuiswa sandwich pakati penzvimbo mbiri.Mumashandisirwo emazuva ano maindasitiri, ukobvu hwemafirimu akatetepa aya anowanzo kubva ku sub-nanometer (nm) atomic dimensions (kureva, <1 nm) kusvika akati wandei mamicrometer (μm).Single-layer graphene ine ukobvu hwekabhoni atomu imwe (kureva ~ 0.335 nm).
Mafirimu aishandiswa pakushongedza uye mifananidzo munguva dzekare.Nhasi, zvinhu zveumbozha uye zvishongo zvakaputirwa nemafirimu matete ematare anokosha sebronze, sirivheri, goridhe uye platinamu.
Kunyanya kushandiswa kwemafirimu ndiko kudzivirira kwemuviri kwenzvimbo kubva pakupwanya, kukanganiswa, kukwenya, kukukurwa uye mabrasions.Dhaimondi-senge kabhoni (DLC) uye MoSi2 akaturikidzana anoshandiswa kuchengetedza injini dzemotokari kubva pakupfeka uye kupisa kwakanyanya kwekushisa kunokonzerwa nekukweshana pakati pemakina anofamba zvikamu.
Mafirimu matete anoshandiswawo kuchengetedza reactive nzvimbo kubva kunharaunda, ingave oxidation kana hydration nekuda kwekunyorova.Shielding conductive mafirimu akatariswa zvakanyanya muminda yesemiconductor zvishandiso, dielectric film separators, matete firimu emagetsi, uye electromagnetic interference (EMI).Kunyanya, simbi oxide field effect transistors (MOSFETs) ine kemikari uye thermally yakagadzikana dielectric mafirimu seSiO2, uye inopindirana simbi oxide semiconductors (CMOS) ine conductive copper mafirimu.
Maelectrodes emufirimu akaonda anowedzera chiyero chesimba remagetsi kusvika kuhuwandu hwema supercapacitor kakawanda.Pamusoro pezvo, simbi dzakatetepa mafirimu uye parizvino MXenes (transition metal carbides, nitrides kana carbonitrides) perovskite ceramic matete mafirimu anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kudzivirira zvinhu zvemagetsi kubva mukukanganiswa kwemagetsi.
MuPVD, chinhu chinonangwa chinoputiswa uye chinoendeswa kune vacuum mukamuri ine substrate.Utsi hunotanga kuisa pamusoro pe substrate nekuda kwekugwinya.Iyo vacuum inodzivirira kusanganiswa kwetsvina uye kudhumhana pakati pemamorekuru emhute uye asara gasi mamorekuru.
Dzvinyiriro yakaunzwa muutsi, tembiricha gradient, mwero wekuyerera kwechitsinga, uye kupisa kwakadzikama kwechinhu chinotarirwa kunoita basa rakakosha mukuona kufanana kwefirimu uye nguva yekugadzirisa.Nzira dzekubuda mumhepo dzinosanganisira kudziyisa kwekudzivirira, kupisa kwerekitironi beam uye, nguva pfupi yadarika, molecular beam epitaxy.
Kuipa kwezvakajairwa PVD kusakwanisa kwayo kunyungudutsa zvakanyanya kunyungudika zvinhu uye shanduko yezvimiro inokonzereswa mune yakaiswa zvinhu nekuda kweiyo evaporation-condensation process.Magnetron sputtering ndiyo inotevera chizvarwa chemuviri deposition nzira inogadzirisa matambudziko aya.Mumagineti sputtering, mamorekuru anotangwa anoburitswa (kuputirwa) nekubhomba nemaioni ane simba kuburikidza negineti rinogadzirwa nemagnetron.
Mafirimu matete ane nzvimbo yakakosha mumagetsi emazuva ano, optical, mechanic, photonic, thermal uye magineti zvishandiso uye kunyange zvinhu zvekushongedza nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana, compactness uye mashandiro ezvivakwa.PVD neCVD ndidzo dzinonyanya kushandiswa nzira dzekuisa mhute kugadzira mafirimu matete anotangira muhukobvu kubva pamananomita mashoma kusvika mashoma mamicrometer.
Iyo yekupedzisira morphology yefirimu yakaiswa inokanganisa kuita kwayo uye kugona kwayo.Nekudaro, matete firimu evaporative deposition maitiro anoda kumwe kutsvagisa kunyatsofanotaura zvimiro zvemufirimu zvakatetepa zvichibva pane zviripo maitiro ekuisa, zvakasarudzwa zvinonangwa zvinhu, uye substrate zvivakwa.
Musika wepasi rose semiconductor wapinda munguva inonakidza.Kudiwa kwe chip tekinoroji kwakurudzira uye kudzoreredza kusimukira kweindasitiri, uye kushomeka kwazvino kwechip kunotarisirwa kuenderera kwenguva yakati.Mafambiro azvino anogona kuumba ramangwana reindasitiri sezvo izvi zvichienderera mberi
Musiyano mukuru pakati pegraphene-based mabhatiri uye solid-state mabhatiri ndiko kuumbwa kwemagetsi.Kunyange zvazvo cathodes ichiwanzogadziriswa, allotropes yekabhoni inogonawo kushandiswa kugadzira anodes.
Mumakore achangopfuura, Indaneti yeZvinhu yakakurumidza kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinenge dzose, asi inonyanya kukosha mumhizha yemotokari yemagetsi.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-23-2023